C. Bellamy and C. D. Raab, Wiring-up the deck-chairs?, Parliamentary Affairs, vol.52, issue.3, pp.518-534, 1999.
DOI : 10.1093/pa/52.3.518

B. Bimber, The Internet and Political Transformation: Populism, Community, and Accelerated Pluralism, Polity, vol.31, issue.1, pp.133-160, 1998.
DOI : 10.2307/3235370

P. Chen, Adoption and use of digital media in election campaigns: Austria. Canada, New Zealand, Public Communication Review, vol.1, pp.3-26, 2010.

N. Copsey, Extremism on the net: the extreme right and the value of the Internet, Political Parties and the Internet: Net Gain?, Routledge, pp.218-233, 2003.

R. Davis, The Web of Politics: the Internet's Impact on the American Political System, 1999.

D. Landtsheer, C. Krasnoboka, N. Neuner, and C. , Participation friendliness of political websites in Eastern and Western Europe, Europeanization and Globalization Trends, 2005.

R. Farmer and R. Fender, E-Parties: Democratic and Republican State Parties in 2000, Party Politics, vol.11, issue.1, pp.47-58, 2000.
DOI : 10.1177/1354068805048472

O. Gandy, E. Toth, and R. Heath, Public relations and public policy: The structuration of dominance in the information age, 1992.

R. K. Gibson and A. Römmele, Measuring the Professionalization of Political Campaigning, Party Politics, vol.30, issue.10, pp.265-293, 2009.
DOI : 10.1177/1354068809102245

R. Gibson and S. Ward, PARTY DEMOCRACY ON-LINE: UK PARTIES AND NEW ICTS, Information, Communication & Society, vol.2, issue.3, pp.340-367, 1999.
DOI : 10.1080/136911899359628

R. Gibson and S. Ward, A Proposed Methodology for Studying the Function and Effectiveness of Party and Candidate Web Sites, Social Science Computer Review, vol.18, issue.3, pp.301-319, 2000.
DOI : 10.1177/089443930001800306

M. Hindman, The myth of digital democracy, 2008.

N. Jackson, Banking online: The use of the Internet by political parties to build relationships with voters, The Marketing of British Politics: Political Marketing at the 2005 General Election, pp.157-183, 2006.

N. Jackson and D. Lilleker, Building an Architecture of Participation? Political Parties and Web 2.0 in Britain, Journal of Information Technology & Politics, vol.6, issue.3-4, pp.232-250, 2009.
DOI : 10.1080/19331680903028438

K. Koc-michalska, R. Gibson, and T. Vedel, Online Campaigning in France, 2007???2012: Political Actors and Citizens in the Aftermath of the Web.2.0 Evolution, Journal of Information Technology & Politics, vol.17, issue.1, pp.220-244, 2007.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2005.tb02665.x
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01096334

K. Koc-michalska and D. G. Lilleker, Evolving In Step or Poles Apart?, International Journal of E-Politics, vol.5, issue.1, pp.41-60, 2014.
DOI : 10.4018/ijep.2014010103
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01096348

K. Koc-michalska, D. G. Lilleker, P. Surowiec, and P. Baranowski, Poland???s 2011 Online Election Campaign: New Tools, New Professionalism, New Ways to Win Votes, Journal of Information Technology & Politics, vol.30, issue.5, pp.186-205, 2014.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2005.tb02665.x
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01096349

D. G. Lilleker and C. Malagón, Levels of Interactivity in the 2007 French Presidential Candidates' Websites, European Journal of Communication, vol.25, issue.1, pp.25-42, 2010.
DOI : 10.1177/0267323109354231

E. Informing, Mobilising or Interacting: Searching for a European Model of Web Campaigning, European Journal of Communication, vol.26, issue.3, pp.195-213

D. G. Lilleker and K. Koc-michalska, Online Political Communication Strategies: MEPs, E-Representation, and Self-Representation, Journal of Information Technology & Politics, vol.2010, issue.3, pp.190-207, 2013.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1467-8500.2007.00529.x
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00920217

D. G. Lilleker, J. Tenscher, and V. ?t?tka, Towards hypermedia campaigning? Perceptions of new media's importance for campaigning by party strategists in comparative perspective, Information, Communication & Society, vol.7, issue.7, pp.18-747, 2015.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511606991.011

D. G. Lilleker, K. Koc-michalska, and N. Jackson, Social media in the UK election campaigns 2008-14: experimentation, innovation and convergence, 2015.

M. Margolis and D. Resnick, Politics as Usual: The Cyberspace Revolution, p.Sage, 2000.

H. Rheingold, The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier, 1993.

E. Schweitzer, Innovation or Normalization in E-Campaigning?: A Longitudinal Content and Structural Analysis of German Party Websites in the 2002 and 2005 National Elections, European Journal of Communication, vol.23, issue.4, pp.449-470, 2008.
DOI : 10.1177/0267323108096994

E. Schweitzer, Europeanisation on the Internet? The role of German party websites in the, 2004.

G. Simmons, B. Thomas, and Y. Truong, Managing i???branding to create brand equity, European Journal of Marketing, vol.44, issue.9/10, pp.1260-1285, 2010.
DOI : 10.1108/03090561011062835

G. Stempel and . Iii, Content analysis, Mass Communication Research and Theory, pp.209-219, 2003.

J. Stromer-galley, Presidential campaigning in the Internet age, 2014.
DOI : 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199731930.001.0001

J. Tenscher and J. Mykkänen, Two Levels of Campaigning: An Empirical Test of the Party-Centred Theory of Professionalisation, Political Studies, vol.55, issue.6, pp.62-82, 2014.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1475-6765.1980.tb00737.x

T. Vedel and K. Koc-michalska, The Internet and French political communication in the aftermath of the 2007 presidential election, 2009.

J. H. Watt and S. Van-den-berg, Research Methods for Communication Science, 1995.